International Journal of Global Community

Exploring Responsibility for Space Launches by Stateless Vessels from the High Seas: Bridging the Law of the Sea and Space Law

2025-11-29T20:01:19+07:00

This study aims to critically examine the responsibility gaps in international space law and law of the sea arising from space launches conducted by stateless vessels on the high seas, and to propose actionable reforms to ensure accountability, sustainability, and international cooperation. Employing a qualitative doctrinal methodology, the research analyzes primary legal sources—including the Outer Space Treaty, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, and UNCLOS—alongside secondary scholarly literature and comparative evaluation of state responsibility principles across space and maritime regimes. The analysis reveals that state-centric responsibility frameworks fail when stateless vessels operate beyond national jurisdiction, creating an unaddressed responsibility vacuum with economic, environmental, and strategic implications; practical solutions include amending existing treaties or adopting a new instrument to prohibit such launches, establishing an international regulatory entity for monitoring and coordination, and deploying AI-driven predictive technologies and strict export controls on launch-related equipment to prevent unauthorized activities.

Reimagining Good Citizenship in Ethiopia: Overcoming Historical Legacies and Embracing Contemporary Opportunities

2025-11-16T09:24:49+07:00

The study aimed to explore how past regimes' legacies influenced good citizenship and how to address these legacies to embrace modern opportunities. A naturalistic inquiry paradigm, a qualitative approach, and semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions, and document analysis were utilized. The study found the puzzle of ethnic federalism accompanied by poor governance heightened the controversies surrounding citizenship and ethnic identity, thereby threatening national identity within a globalized world. Further, the lack of accountability and transparency in Ethiopia combined with corrupt practices has significantly hindered the development of responsible citizens. This situation is exacerbated by the complexities of the divide-and-rule strategy inherent in the ethnic federalism of the post-1991 regime, threatening the country's future and unity. Moreover, due to the legacy of fear and political repression, schools in Oromia have failed to foster a favorable atmosphere where various opportunities exist for students to freely express their views and opinions. Finally, it is found that the Ethiopian citizenship education runs counter to the global citizenship education perspective, which supports an educational system that fosters critical thinking, social justice, and active engagement. We recommend that the Ministry of Education train qualified teachers through field-based teacher development programs and create favorable atmospheres in schools for students. The study highlights the need for government regulation and accountability to obstruct corrupt practices, which hinder the growth of good citizenship. The government should embrace global citizenship and a good citizenship education to address historical regime legacies and promote inclusive, democratic, and active civic engagement while reimagining citizenship.

Family Centeredness of Speech and Language Pathology Practices in an Underdeveloped Context: Parents’ Perception and Professionals’ Satisfaction

2025-11-16T09:24:49+07:00

Introduction: Family-centered model of service delivery has received growing recognition around the world for effective sensitization and adaptation of families with children having speech and language related disorders in rehabilitation programs. Aims: The aim of the study was to understand the extended perception of parents of the current practice model in speech pathology from a relational and participatory practice perspective as well as parent-professionals’ satisfaction on service delivery as a family-centered care model in Bangladesh. Methods and Participants: A quantitative method was undertaken to explore parent-professionals belief of relative satisfaction based on parents’ education status and professionals work setting variation. Furthermore, the relationship of the extended aspects of family centered care with parents’ education and economic status with a descriptive analysis of parents’ perception was done. A total of 24 speech-language pathologists and 111 parents participated in this study. Results: Satisfactory outcome was not observed for parents from existing speech pathology programs. Dissatisfactory perception of every aspect of family-centered care was found. Parents’ educational status was significantly related to their perception of individual aspects of this model. Professional satisfaction within a family-centered model was on a positive side which indicated a strong negative relationship with parents (r = -.563, p< .05). Conclusion: Parents’ perception of the service-delivery defines the current practice to be more of a professional-centered model. By addressing concerned areas, a shift from current practice is required in speech pathology practice in Bangladesh.

The Iraqi Islamic Financial Institutions and Anti-Money Laundering Regulation

2025-11-16T09:24:49+07:00

Money laundering is an issue faced by the financial system in many countries today. Money laundering has a negative impact on Islamic financial institutions, which in turn affects customers' willingness to deal with them. This issue in Iraq is a serious obstacle for financial institutions in general and Islamic financial institutions in particular. The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) supervises Islamic banks in the country, and it is the responsibility of the CBI to resolve money laundering issues. In this context, a special Act to protect the financial system from money laundering in Iraq is called the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Law No. (39) 2015. This Act has a significant role in reducing money laundering in Iraq. To prevent money laundering by financial institutions, the CBI is currently working to transform the Iraqi financial system, primarily shifting from cash to electronic payments. However, money laundering is still a serious threat faced by the financial system of Iraq. Since using e-payment and credit cards is new in Iraq, money laundering is still widespread in Iraq, especially through cash transactions, according to the Iraqi observers. Therefore, this paper will examine money laundering specific to Iraqi Islamic financial institutions. The paper will identify the main area of money laundering in the Iraqi Islamic financial system. In addition, the role of Islamic financial institutions will be evaluated concerning this issue. Some questions should be answered here. First, what is the role of the Islamic financial institutions in money laundering in Iraq? Second, what is the role of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Law No. (39) 2015 in reducing money laundering in Iraq? This paper found that a more comprehensive awareness of money laundering in the Islamic financial system should be developed to customize supportive efforts to encourage the integrity of Islamic financial institutions and ensure the industry against money laundering. Furthermore, Islamic banks should build additional mechanisms to determine money laundering financing and implement protective standards customized to the nature of their products and services.

Efects of Mediated Learning Experiences on Motivation to Learn for Hearing and Hard of Hearing Children

2025-11-16T09:24:49+07:00

In this study, the question was explored of whether teachers' use of Mediated Learning Experiences (MLE) might significantly add to students' intrinsic motivation in first grade. Having viewed intrinsic motivation as a key driver of learning and achievement, the study took on a quasi-experimental approach with 200 children from two elementary schools, a control and an experimental group, pre- and post-tests. While there was a significant increase in the motivation of the experimental group, the difference with the control group was not statistically significant, and thus the first hypothesis that MLE alone would be able to bring significant differences in the motivation of the children was rejected. Interestingly, the intervention effect was identical for hearing and hard-of-hearing children. The findings report that MLE, while having some positive effects, is not strong enough on its own to make a significant contribution to the intrinsic motivation. Curriculum design, test methods, teacher behavior and personality, styles of teaching, parental involvement, home environment, and peer relationships ought to also be taken into account in later research work for the understanding and encouragement of student motivation.

The Role of Indigenous Papuan Women in Economic Empowerment in Border Areas

2025-11-16T09:24:49+07:00

PLBN Sota is not only a border crossing point, but it is also a center of economic activity that spans international borders. It offers prospects for the development of MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises), particularly for Indigenous Papuan women or as in Indonesian Orang Asli Papua (OAP). The purpose of this study is to investigate the role that OAP women play in the process of economic empowerment in the border region between Sota and Papua New Guinea. For the purpose of this study, a descriptive qualitative approach is utilized, and data gathering methods include observation, interviews, and documentation. Purposive sampling was used to pick all of the participants for the sample, which includes members of the community, tourists, and members of the local administration. As a consequence of the findings, it was determined that OAP women play a significant part in the local trade, which helps to maintain the family economy and strengthens the economic resilience of the community. On the other hand, there are still significant difficulties involved, such as restricted access to financing, a lack of support from policymakers, and inadequate infrastructure. For this reason, strengthening the role of women in economic development at the border requires a number of critical issues, including the protection of economic rights, the building of ability, and the provision of governmental support. In addition to providing a foundation for more inclusive policies that support community-based micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), the findings contribute to the study of women's economic empowerment in border areas.

Surah Al-Hujrat and The Principles of Interpersonal Conflict Management From A Cognitive Psychological Perspective

2025-12-02T08:39:22+07:00

The field of mainstream psychology is primarily focused on secularism, leaving many questions about spirituality unanswered. This urgent need for more research has led to a focus on the psychological aspects of everyday life and their aftermath, according to the Qur'anic approach to psychology. This paper aims to explore both empirical and scriptural insights into human cognitive modes in conflict resolution. Through this exploration, an Islamic worldview of conflict processes is developed, with a focus on creating fertile and integral settlements. This includes concepts such as social hierarchies, methodologically sound inquiries into conflicting phenomena, and the preservation of faithful arbitrary bodies for detailed discourse. The paper also seeks to provide an integrated dimension of cognitive psychology, drawing on revealed instructions from Surah Al-Hujraat as a divine guide toward a holistic approach. This paper accordingly aims to bring out some useful outcomes for ensuring the comprehensive welfare of human beings and their societies based on a comparative study of the functions of interpersonal conflict management based on the surah Al-Hujrat and contemporary cognitive psychology. Lessons on interpersonal conflict management are adopted as a means of preventing and solving conflicts, ultimately shaping social hierarchies per the divine guidance of the last Messenger ﷺ. This approach is designed to create a generation with productive outcomes and irresistible conflicts, with the societal hierarchy led by the last Prophet ﷺ held up as the idealistic height in the hearts of believers in the divine guidelines throughout the world.